Resultados en el corto y mediano plazo del tratamiento endovascular en la enfermedad arterial obstructiva infrapoplítea en pacientes con isquemia crítica de una extremidad / Short to midterm results after endovascular approach in critical limb isquemia in patients with below-the-knee arterial disease

Resumen Objetivo: Mostrar los resultados en el corto y mediano plazo del tratamiento endovascular de angioplastia transluminal percutánea (ATP) con balón en pacientes en estado de isquemia crítica por enfermedad arterial obstructiva infrapoplítea. Materiales y Método: Estudio descriptivo, observacional, retrospectivo. Se incluyeron los pacientes hospitalizados entre 2009 y 2018 por isquemia crítica Fontaine III o IV sometidos a una ATP del territorio infrapoplíteo. Se observó como objetivos primarios la preservación de la extremidad afectada y la mortalidad posoperatoria a un año plazo, y como objetivos secundarios los procedimientos adicionales en pacientes con lesiones o necrosis distales, estadía hospitalaria, complicaciones posoperatorias y necesidad de reintervención. Resultados: Se incluyeron 42 pacientes con un promedio de edad de 66 años (46-82), con importantes comorbilidades. Un 83,3% ingresó en etapa Fontaine IV. En 16 casos se realizó una angioplastia percutánea en más de una arteria. No se colocó stents. Se presentaron complicaciones en 3 pacientes, 2 requirieron una amputación mayor y en otro se debió efectuar un nuevo procedimiento endovascular de rescate. La estadía hospitalaria promedio fue 22 días. No hubo mortalidad precoz posprocedimiento. La mortalidad global a un año fue 9,5%. A todos los pacientes en etapa Fontaine IV se les efectuó algún procedimiento adicional, a 31 una amputación menor, 3 cerraron sus lesiones por segunda intención y en otro se realizó un injerto dermo-epidérmico. De los 35 pacientes con seguimiento, 77% preservó su extremidad a un año. Conclusión: La reparación endovascular mediante una angioplastia percutánea en estos casos es un procedimiento seguro y tiene una alta tasa de preservación de la extremidad inicial a un año de seguimiento.

Aim: Show initial and midterms results of endovascular Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty (PTA) in critical limb isquemia (CLI) patients caused by below-the-knee arterial disease. Materials and Method: Observational, descriptive and retrospective study. 42 CLI patients admitted in our hospital from 2009 until 2018 with Fontaine III or IV treated by PTA in infrapopliteal arteries were analyzed, collecting demographic, clinical and surgical characteristics, additional procedures in Fontaine IV, hospital stay, postoperative complications, need of reintervention, limb preservation and mortality with one year follow-up after procedure. Results: 42 patients, average age 66 year-old (46-82), with significant comorbidities. Fontaine IV stage patients were 83.3%. In 16 cases more than one artery was intervened. No stent revascularization was performed. Complications occurred in 3 patients, 2 required major amputation and an urgent endovascular reintervention was required in another. Average hospital stay was 22 days with no post-operative mortality. One-year global mortality was 9.5 One-year follow-up in 35 patients shows that 77% preserved their limb. Conclusión: Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty procedure in this patients has a high rate of limb preservation in a one-year follow-up. There was no post-operative mortality.

A Study of Cerebro Vascular Accident Patients.

To find out the proportion of different types of strokes among the CVA patients and to examine the correlation between stroke and various risk factors. Patients and Methods: Sixty CVA patients who attended the department of Medicine of TMC & Dr.BRAM Teaching hospital comprised the material for this study. Detailed history, clinical examination especially CNS examination, different biochemical and radiological investigations including CT Scan were performed to establish the diagnosis of CVA and to confirm the type of CVA. Various risk factors then correlated in causation of CVA. Result: Out of 60 CVA patients 42(70%) had ishaemic and 18(30%) had haemorrhagic stroke. Among the 42 ischaemic stroke patients 12 (20%) had lacunar stroke. 38 patients (63.3%) had hypertension, out of which only 4 (15%) had regular follow up showing that hypertension is a definite risk factor. Serum Cholesterol (213.52 ± 32.97) and Serum Triglyceride (176.25 ± 41.97 ) were statistically significant (p<0.01) along with Serum LDL (117.88 ± 27.18) and VLDL (49.11 ± 13.76),t value 5.096 and 5.128 respectively. In this study 14 (23.3%) patients had diabetes mellitus, 31 (51.6%) smokers, 14 (23.3%) alcoholics and 15 (25%) overweight, but none of them could be established as a statistically significant risk factor.

Diabetes-related lower-extremity amputation incidence and risk factors: a prospective seven-year study in Costa Rica / Incidencia y factores de riesgo de la amputación de extremidades inferiores relacionada con la diabetes: estudio prospectivo de siete años en Costa Rica

Objective. To analyze the incidence and determinants of lower-extremity amputation(LEA) in people with diabetes in a low-income community in Costa Rica.Methods. Data on LEA incidence were collected during a seven-year follow-up (2001–2007) in a diabetes patient cohort (n = 572). Risk factors were analyzed using the Coxproportional hazards regression model and baseline variables from the year 2000 (sociodemographiccharacteristics, comorbidity, metabolic control, treatment, and chronic microvascularcomplications).Results. LEA incidence was 6.02 per 1 000 person-years (8.65 in men and 4.50 in women).Known risk factors (sex, years of diabetes, elevated glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c], retinopathy,insulin therapy, and prior amputation) were highly significant.Conclusions. Those most likely to undergo LEA among Costa Rican diabetic patients weremen with 10 or more years of diabetes and average HbA1c ≥ 8% who used insulin and haddiabetic retinopathy. Patients on insulin therapy were at greatest risk, especially those with aprevious amputation. Diabetic patients with the above-mentioned profile should be consideredto be at very high risk of LEA and followed closely by the health care system.

Objetivo. Analizar la incidencia y los determinantes de la amputación deextremidades inferiores (AEI) en personas diabéticas de una comunidad con bajosingresos de Costa Rica.Métodos. Se recopilaron datos sobre la incidencia de la AEI durante un período deseguimiento de siete años (del 2001 al 2007) en una cohorte de pacientes diabéticos(n = 572). Se analizaron los factores de riesgo usando el modelo de regresión de Coxde riesgos proporcionales y los valores de referencia del año 2000 de las variables(características sociodemográficas, comorbilidad, control metabólico, tratamiento ycomplicaciones microvasculares crónicas).Resultados. La incidencia de la AEI fue de 6,02 por 1 000 personas-año (8,65 envarones y 4,50 en mujeres). Los factores de riesgo conocidos (sexo, años de evoluciónde la diabetes, glucohemoglobina [HbA1c] elevada, retinopatía, tratamiento coninsulina y amputación previa) fueron muy significativos.Conclusiones. Los pacientes diabéticos costarricenses con mayor probabilidad desufrir una AEI fueron los varones con 10 o más años de evolución de la diabetesy un promedio de HbA1c ≥ 8% que eran tratados con insulina y padecían unaretinopatía diabética. Los pacientes en tratamiento con insulina presentaban el mayorriesgo, especialmente los que habían sufrido una amputación anterior. Los pacientesdiabéticos con el perfil descrito anteriormente deben considerarse como de riesgomuy elevado de AEI y deben ser seguidos de cerca por el sistema de atención desalud.

Acute occlusive mesenteric ischemia in Taif province, Saudi Arabia

Mesenteric ischemia is relatively a rare disorder seen in the emergency department [ED]. Due to the effect of hypobaric hypoxia and higher liability for thrombosis encountered in high altitude areas, acute occlusive mesenteric ischemia [AOMI] would represent an actual challenge in Taif and related districts. Another risk factor is that about twenty-five percent of Saudis are victims of diabetes due to the changes in lifestyle and diet leading to increasing levels of obesity. Vague nonspecific clinical findings and limitations of diagnostic studies in addition to cultural and social factors, may lead to late presentation making the diagnosis a significant challenge and in turn higher morbidity and mortality are expected. In this study, we review type of AOMI, pattern of presentation, laboratory, radiological, Intraoperative findings and results of treatment in 36 patients who were admitted to King Abdul Aziz Specialist Hospital and King Faisal Hospital, Al Taif, Saudi Arabia from January 2009 to January 2012. 36 patients with final diagnosis of AOMI were included in this retrospective study by means of review of their files and medical records. The disease was more common in men than women [23 male and 13 females]. The mean age of patients was 54 years. The mean time of presentation was 2.4 days after occurrence of symptoms. Abdominal pain was the most common symptom of patients followed by nausea, vomiting, constipation and bloody diarrhea. On physical examination; tachycardia was prevalent, Oliguria was seen in approximately 69.4% of patients, 11.1% of patients were in shock status. All patients had abdominal tenderness and 61.1% of patients had marked peritoneal signs [rebound tenderness with guarding or/and rigidity]. Twenty one/36 [58.3%] patients were diabetics, 17/36 patients [47.2%] were hypertensive and 8/36 patients [22.2%] with associated cardiac disorders. In laboratory tests, Leukocytosis was present in all patients. Secondary polycythemia was seen in 38.9% of patients. D-Dimer level was high in all patients. In 61.1% of patients, exploratory laparotomies were done based on clinical, laboratory, abdominal ultrasound and plain x-ray findings without performing CT angiography due to presentation with marked peritoneal signs. In all patients gangrenous lesions were detected during surgery and resection of these parts was done. Gangrene and in turn resection, was extensive in 14/36 patients [38.9%] and they developed short bowel syndrome. There were 22/36 patients [61.1%] with superior or/and inferior mesenteric vein thrombosis, 10/36 patients [27.8%] with superior mesenteric artery thrombosis, in one of them there is associated focal thrombosis of aorta and renal arteries and 4/36 patients [11.1%] with superior mesenteric artery embolism. All patients received postoperative anticoagulant therapy. Patients with short bowel syndrome were prepared to receive total parental nutrition [TPN] for life. Intra-operative deaths were 3/36 [8.3%].There were 5/36 deaths [13.9%] accruing within one month after surgery and all died secondary to sepsis and its sequalae with total deaths of 8/36 patients [22.2%]. Acute occlusive mesenteric ischemia [AOMI] especially of venous type will represent a challenging problem in Taif and related districts. The surgeon must pay intensive attention to patients presented by unexplained central abdominal pain and he has to be with high index of suspicion especially if it meets with the classic teaching of "pain out of proportion to physical findings ". Early diagnosis, aggressive approach to early resuscitation of the patients, correction of metabolic and hemodynamic derangements, and performing laparotomy as soon as these derangements were corrected would decrease morbidity and mortality. In some patients it is necessary to perform second look operation for re-evaluation of the viability of the intestine

Ethnic and health correlates of diabetes-related amputations at the Texas-Mexico border / Correlatos étnicos y de salud de las amputaciones relacionadas con la diabetes en la frontera entre Texas y México

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between diabetes-related lower-extremity amputation (LEA) and ethnicity, age, source of payment, geographic location, diabetes severity, and health condition in adults with diabetes mellitus type 2 living in border and non-border counties in Texas, United States of America, and to assess intra-border region geographic differences in post-LEA treatment. METHODS: This correlational study was based on secondary data from the 2003 Texas Inpatient Hospital Discharge Data. The sample consisted of individuals 45 years of age and older with type 2 diabetes who had undergone a nontraumatic LEA (n = 5 865). Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses were applied. RESULTS: The following characteristics were predictors of LEA: being Hispanic or African American, male, > 55 years old, and a Medicare or Medicaid user, and living in a border county. Persons with moderate diabetes and those who suffered from cardiovascular disease or stroke also had higher odds of undergoing an LEA. Post-LEA occupational therapy was significantly less prevalent among border residents (9.5 percent) than non-border residents (15.3 percent) (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Understanding the factors that influence diabetes-related LEA may lead to early detection and effective treatment of this disabling consequence of diabetes along the U.S.-Mexico border.

OBJETIVO: Analizar la asociación entre las amputaciones de extremidades inferiores (AEI) relacionadas con la diabetes y el grupo étnico, la edad, la procedencia del pago, la ubicación geográfica, la gravedad de la diabetes y el estado de salud de los adultos que padecen diabetes tipo 2 residentes en los condados fronterizos y no fronterizos de Texas (Estados Unidos de América), y evaluar la diferencias geográficas dentro de la zona fronteriza en cuanto al tratamiento posterior a la amputación. MÉTODOS: Este estudio correlacional se basó en datos secundarios procedentes de la información de egreso de pacientes hospitalizados en Texas durante el año 2003. La muestra estuvo integrada por personas de 45 años o mayores con diabetes tipo 2, que habían sido sometidas a la amputación no traumática de una extremidad inferior (n = 5 865). Se aplicaron estadística descriptiva y análisis de regresión logística. RESULTADOS: Las siguientes características constituyeron factores predictivos de AEI: ser hispano o afroestadounidense, hombre, de 55 años o mayor, beneficiario de Medicare o Medicaid, y residente en un condado fronterizo. Las personas con diabetes moderada que padecían enfermedades cardiovasculares o habían sufrido un accidente cerebrovascular también tenían una mayor probabilidad de ser sometidas a una AEI. La terapia ocupacional posterior a la amputación fue significativamente menos prevalente entre los residentes fronterizos (9,5 por ciento) que entre los no fronterizos (15,3 por ciento) (P < 0,001). CONCLUSIONES: La comprensión de los factores que influyen en las AEI relacionadas con la diabetes puede conducir a la detección temprana y el tratamiento eficaz de esta secuela discapacitante en la zona fronteriza entre los Estados Unidos y México.

Isquemia sintomática en accesos vasculares parahemodiálisis / Symptomatic ischemia of hemodialysis vascular access

El objetivo de este estudio es dar a conocer nuestra experiencia en el manejo de pacientes con isquemia sintomática severa asociada a los accesos vasculares para hemodiálisis (AVHD). Entre Enero de 2000 y Junio del 2005 se construyeron 1926 accesos vasculares para hemodiálisis en 1537 pacientes en el Servicio de Cirugía del Hospital Barros Luco Trudeau, seleccionando aquellos pacientes que fueron manejados por presentar elementos de isquemia sintomática severa. El grupo está constituido por 18 pacientes, 9 (50 por ciento) hombres y 9 (50 por ciento) mujeres, 14 (78 por ciento) diabéticos. La edad promedio fue de 61 años. El diagnóstico se hizo en base a la anamnesis, examen físico y laboratorio no invasivo. En algunos casos se realizó eco doppler y angiografía. La incidencia encontrada es 1,17 por ciento, correspondiendo 61,1 por ciento a diabéticos mayores de 60 años y 16,7 por ciento a no diabéticos menores de 60 años (p< 0,05). Se presentó en 1,1 por ciento de los pacientes con AVHD nativo y 1,93 por ciento con AVHD protésico (ns). Las manifestaciones aparecieron en el post operatorio inmediato en 7 (39 por ciento) pacientes y en forma tardía en 11 (61 por ciento). La etiología fue enfermedad arterial oclusiva en 13 casos (72,2 por ciento), mecanismo de robo arterial en 3 (16,7 por ciento) y estenosis funcional en 2 (11,5 por ciento). El manejo consistió en revascularización en 8 casos (44,5 por ciento) y cierre de la fístula mas instalación de catéter tunelizado en 10 (55,5 por ciento). Al término del seguimiento, 15 (83,3 por ciento) presentaban regresión completa de los síntomas y 3 (16,7 por ciento) presentaban secuelas. La isquemia sintomática es una complicación poco frecuente, que puede presentarse tanto en forma precoz como tardía especialmente en pacientes diabéticos mayores de 60 años o con enfermedad vascular periférica, pudiendo significar la pérdida del acceso o dejar secuelas invalidantes. Son importantes las medidas de prevención.

Background: Symptomatic ischemia occurs in 1 to 8 percent of hemodialysis vascular accesses and may result in its loss. Aim: To report our experience in the management of patients with severe symptomatic ischemia associated to a vascular access for hemodialysis. Material and methods: All patients operated for a severe ischemia associated to a hemodialysis vascular access, between 2000 and 2005, were included in this study. Results: Of a total of 1926 vascular accesses, symptomatic ischemia was diagnosed in 18 patients (9 males) aged between 27 and 84 years. Fourteen (78 percent) were diabetic. Thus, the incidence of severe ischemia was 1.2 percent. It appeared in 1.1 percent of native and 1.9 percent of prosthetic vascular accesses. Clinical manifestations appeared in the early postoperative period in seven patients (39 percent). In the rest, they appeared more than 30 days after the procedure. Surgical treatment consisted in revascularization in eight patients (45 percent) and closure of fistula and installation of a tunneled catheter in 10 (55 percent). At the end of follow up, 15 patients (83 percent) had a complete regression of symptoms and three (17 percent) had sequelae. Conclusions: Symptomatic vascular access ischemia occurs in 1.2 percent of procedures, is much more common among diabetics and can be successfully managed in 80 percent of cases.

Subintimal Angioplasty in the Treatment of Chronic Lower Limb Ischemia

OBJECTIVE: To present our experience with subintimal angioplasty (SA) for treatment of chronic lower limb ischemia (CLLI) and to assess its effectiveness and durability. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From April 2003 through June 2005, we treated 40 limbs in 36 patients with CLLI by SA. Balloons with or without secondary stent placement appropriate in size to the occluded arteries were used for SA of all lesions, except for iliac lesions where primary stent placement was done. The patients were followed for 1-23 months by clinical examination and color Doppler ultrasound and/or CT angiography. Technical results and outcomes were retrospectively evaluated. The presence of a steep learning curve for performance of SA was also evaluated. Primary and secondary patencies were determined using Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS: Technical success was achieved in 32 (80%) of 40 limbs. There was no statistical difference between technical success rates of 75% (18/24) during the first year and 88% (14/16) thereafter. There were four complications (10%) in 40 procedures; two arterial perforations, one pseudoaneurysm at the puncture site, and one delayed hematoma at the SA site. Excluding initial technical failures, the primary patency rates at six and 12 months were 68% and 55%, respectively. Secondary patency rates at six and 12 months were 73% and 59%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Subintimal angioplasty can be accomplished with a high technical success rate. It should be attempted in patients with CLLI as an alternative to more extended surgery, or when surgical treatment is not recommended due to comorbidity or an unfavorable disease pattern.

Assessment of normal weight in males of the age group of 40-60 years with respect to height: a new formula.

In the present work, 3000 male human subjects were studied for their health status and endeavour was made to establish the relation between the height and weight. Male individuals between the age group of 40 to 60 years were studied; their heights were between 140-180 cm. They were grouped as Group I-weight above (Height in cm-100 cm) x kg/ cm, Group II-weight between Group I and Group III subjects and Group III-weight below Group I subjects at least by 15%. It was found that Group II subjects were less sufferer from disease like, diabetics, coronary heart diseases, hypertension etc. than Group I subjects, Group III subjects were also similarly less affected by diseases but they are more prone to tiredness to accustomed work than Group II subjects. So it is concluded that the weight of Group II subjects should be considered standard.

Isquemia miocárdica e cardiopatia chagásica / Myocardial ischemia and chagasic cardiopathy

O objetivo do trabalho é analisar a ocorrência de isquemia miocárdica na cardiopatia chagásica crônica. Cinquenta e dois pacientes portadores da forma crônica da Doença de Chagas, submetidos ao teste de esforço, que apresentaram testes sugestivos de isquemia miocárdica, foram comparados com 21 pacientes chagásicos que apresentaram resultados normais. Foram analisados 24 parâmetros, que poderiam influenciar no resultado. A isquemia miocárdica na cardiopatia chagásica crônica ocorreria por alteraçöes na microcirculaçäo coronária, desencadeada pelos processos inflamatórios mais frequentes na forma II da Doença de Chagas. Conclui-se que na forma II, haveriam alteraçöes metabólicas que culminariam com alteraçöes no eletrocardiograma de repouso, além de alteraçöes dos seguintes parâmetros do teste de esforço: débito cardíaco, déficit aeróbico funcional, segmento ST no traçado eletrocardiográfico e precordialgia desencadeada pelo esforço

O Trabalho na gênese das doenças esquêmicas do coração / The Work in genese of the Myocardial Ischemia

Analisa possíveis inter-relaçoes entre o trabalho humano e o desenvolvimento das doenças isquêmicas do coração (DIC). Para tal intento, esta análise é feita, inicialmente, em função de dois aspectos. No primeiro, são apresentados elementos configuradores dessa relação a partir da demonstração da existência de diferenças ocupacionais de morbi-mortalidade por DIC e da descrição de agentes e/ou condiçoes laborais que podem causá-las, seja por suas açoes diretas, na intimidade vascular, seja por propiciarem alteração em alguns dos denominados fatores de risco clássicos de DIC: como hiperlipidemia, hipertensão arterial e tabagismo, dentre outros. Num segundo momento, são analisadas algumas dificuldades a que se estabeleça a interrelação em estudo, em que destacam-se aquelas relativas às legislaçoes trabalhista e previdenciária brasileiras: ao valor dado à categoria trabalho quando se estudam fatores de risco de DIC: as inerentes à própria complexidade destas doenças e a alguns valores atribuídos ao saber médico hegemônico. Finaliza-se o texto, apresentando-se propostas gerais de encaminhamento à geração de investigaçoes e à viabilização de açoes práticas, aos níveis médico e legal, que permitem desvendar e interromper a relação entre o trabalho e as DIC.

Isquemia do segmento anterior na cirurgia do descolamento da retina / Anterior segment ischemia in retinal detachment surgery

O autor relata a incidência da isquemia do segmento anterior no pós-operatório da cirurgia do descolamento da retina, utilizando diferentes técnicas circunferenciais. Maior frequência foi encontrada no grupo de pacientes em que se utilizaram a diatermia, a delaminaçäo escleral em 360§ e o implante sólido de silicone; tal frequência porém, näo se mostrou muito significativa na comparaçäo com as outras técnicas utilizadas